Public goods are goods or services that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning that individuals cannot be excluded from consuming them and one person's consumption does not diminish the amount available for others. Examples of public goods include clean air, national defense, and public parks. Research in the area of public goods focuses on understanding how these goods are provided, funded, and managed in society. This includes studying the role of government and other institutions in providing public goods, as well as exploring alternative mechanisms for financing and provisioning these goods. Researchers in this area also investigate the economic, social, and environmental impacts of public goods provision, as well as the challenges and trade-offs involved in ensuring equitable access to these goods for all members of society. Additionally, research in this area often examines the potential for public-private partnerships and other collaborative approaches to improving the provision of public goods.